15 terms Reviewed
Lending and payments terms for teams that buy fintech software: what regulators require, what customers expect in the app, and what that means for the system.
Every entry is reviewed by a practitioner who builds these systems: Mateusz Widenka.
3-D Secure (3DS) is the card schemes' protocol for authenticating the cardholder in an online card payment. The merchant's side sends transaction and device data to the card issuer, which approves the payment without friction or asks the cardholder for strong customer authentication.
Annual percentage rate of charge
In EU consumer credit law, the APR (annual percentage rate of charge) is the total cost of credit to the consumer expressed as an annual percentage of the total amount of credit. One EU formula is used to calculate it, so offers can be compared.
Card issuing is the payment service of giving a customer a payment card and processing the transactions made with it. Under PSD2 only a licensed provider can issue cards, so a lender can offer a card in its app through an issuing partner and attach its own credit limit.
Consumer Credit Directive 2
CCD2 is the common name of Directive (EU) 2023/2225 on credit agreements for consumers, which replaces Directive 2008/48/EC. Member States must apply the national rules implementing it from November 20, 2026.
A consent management platform (CMP) is software that asks users for consent, records each decision per purpose, and tells the app or website which tools may run. In the EU it implements the consent rules of the GDPR and of Article 5(3) of the ePrivacy Directive.
Debt collection is the process of recovering overdue payments from a borrower, from the first reminder after a missed due date through repayment plans and settlements to court and enforcement. The lender runs it itself or hands it to a collection agency or a debt buyer.
Device fingerprinting is the collection of technical attributes of a phone or browser to recognize the same device across sessions. Lending apps use it for fraud checks at login, registration and the loan application. In the EU it falls under the GDPR and Article 5(3) of the ePrivacy Directive.
Early repayment is a consumer's right to repay all or part of a credit before the agreed date. EU law gives a matching reduction in the total cost of credit and caps the lender's compensation at 1% or 0.5% of the amount repaid early.
Know your customer
Know your customer (KYC) is the process in which a financial company identifies a customer and verifies their identity, usually at onboarding, as part of its anti-money laundering duties. eKYC is the remote, digital form of that process.
A loan extension, also called a rollover, moves the repayment date of a loan to a later date, usually for a fee. In Poland, the costs of an extension agreed within 120 days of payout count toward the statutory cap on the loan's non-interest costs.
A loan institution is a Polish non-bank lender that grants consumer credit. It must be a joint-stock company or a limited company with a supervisory board, hold PLN 1 million in share capital and be entered in the KNF register.
A loan origination system (LOS) is software that takes a loan from application to payout: it collects the application, verifies the applicant's data, supports the credit decision and issues the offer. After payout, a loan management system services the loan until it is repaid.
Open banking is regulated third-party access to a customer's payment account, with the customer's consent. In the EU it rests on PSD2, which defines account information services (AIS) and payment initiation services (PIS).
A PESEL restriction is a flag a Polish adult can set on their national identification number (PESEL) in a state register. Since June 1, 2024 a lender must check it before concluding a consumer credit agreement and before an amendment that increases the debt.
A repayment schedule (amortization table) lists the dates and amounts of a loan's installments, with each installment split into capital, interest and other costs. EU and Polish consumer credit law let the borrower ask for it free of charge at any time during a fixed-term agreement.
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