Custom Android OS for device manufacturers: OS, app store, OTA and MDM

A custom Android OS for devices is an operating system built on the Android Open Source Project for one maker's hardware, together with the services that Google would otherwise provide. AOSP is the open code of Android, from which a device maker can build its own system for its own devices. Without Google services, the maker has to handle app distribution, updates and device management on its own. Our AOSP development services cover four layers: the operating system, app distribution, system updates and device management. This work is one part of our IoT and device software development.

We do it for CTOs and product owners at companies that make Android devices, such as phones, terminals or security devices, and that cannot or do not want to depend on Google Play.

Two projects show the scope:

• For RAW Cyber we built RAW OS, a custom operating system based on Android and hardened with CopperheadOS. The project, called "RAW Secure Phone", ran from July 2018 to April 2022. The RAW Cyber case study describes it from the client's side.
• For Mudita, starting in July 2022, we built the App Store, the Developer Portal and the OTA update platform for the Mudita Kompakt phone, which runs on AOSP.

For RAW Cyber we hardened RAW OS at the system level, on top of CopperheadOS. We moved the CopperheadOS code to our own repository, and in the first sprint, in August 2018, we were already working on locking the bootloader of a Pixel phone with our own Android Verified Boot key. We prepared and tested the system on Pixel 2 / 2 XL and Pixel 3 / 3 XL phones.

RAW OS enforced these security rules:

• Users had to set a screen lock, and the system detected a change of SIM card.
• Connections used SSL pinning.
• Bluetooth connections to devices that were not on a whitelist were blocked.

Network traffic inspection on the device

Traffic inspection in the system let a company block selected protocols and apps on its phones, for the whole company or for one user group. RAW OS inspected network traffic on the device, a form of deep packet inspection. A link classifier ran from 2020. In April 2021 we compiled the nDPI library for ARM and integrated it with the system. In August and September 2021 we added DNS detection, URL extraction and the blocking rules.

Phased OTA updates let a device maker send a new system version to part of the fleet first and stop the rollout if something goes wrong. An OTA update installs new software on the device over the network.

For RAW OS we prepared the OTA procedures in September 2019 and delivered the production version, with an OTA test, to the client in January 2020. Further OTA builds were made at the client's request.

The second stage of Mudita's OTA platform, from May to July 2026, added:

• incremental updates, with the full package kept as a fallback,
• automatic generation of incremental packages,
• checks of previous versions when a new version is configured,
• a phased rollout in 1 to 10 phases, with each phase set from 0 to 720 hours.

Before the new OTA panel went live in September 2026, end-to-end tests covered the rollouts of all published versions. The tests were completed on 29 September 2026.

A custom Android OS needs maintenance for as long as devices run it, because the code it is built on and the hardware both keep changing. For RAW OS, keeping up with changes in CopperheadOS and with new devices was a separate stream of work.

When Copperhead moved to Android 11, we aligned the repositories, rebuilt the system from scratch and ported our features to it. The move was complete in September 2021.

Android OS customization can put device management inside the system itself, with no separate MDM app to install. RAW OS had these management features:

• an admin panel for companies and user groups, with the status of each device,
• the list of Wi-Fi networks, managed in the admin panel,
• a setup wizard for the first start of the phone.

A device that lost its connection was protected in three steps: a report, a warning and an automatic wipe of its data. In the panel these thresholds could be set to, for example, 5, 60 and 120 minutes. If the SIM card was removed from a locked phone, a 10-minute countdown to a reset started.

RAW OS also controlled access to the camera, microphone and location, data limits for apps, the allowed USB modes and device attestation.

A custom Android OS project with us starts with a free discovery workshop. Before any code is written, we describe the hardware and who makes it, the protocols, how the device behaves offline, the update path and the security boundaries.

We work on the Android system and on the software around it: the app store, the OTA platform, the admin panels and their backend. For RAW Cyber the backend and panels ran on Django and Celery, with Nginx and Gunicorn serving the traffic, and the work ran in Scrum. Mudita's platform was built in Java, Kotlin, Python and Django.

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